FAQs

Frequently asked questions

CCS: Transport

How will CO₂ be transported?

CO₂ will be transported predominantly in pipelines in a “dense phase” where is has properties similar to both a gas and a liquid. This makes transportation much more efficient and requires smaller pipelines than if the CO₂ were transported as a gas.

In the UK, CO₂ will be transported through purpose-built pipelines (both on- and offshore), predominantly to safe storage far below the bed of the North Sea. The pipelines’ design, maintenance and operation will be to rigorous safety standards.

Although pipelines are the most likely transport option for large-scale CO₂ transportation, shipping and road transport are also possibilities.

Is transport of CO₂ safe?

Yes. In fact, CO₂ is already regularly transported worldwide by pipeline, lorry and ship. The US has a network of 27 pipelines of total length of over 50005 km (3000 miles) that has operated with an excellent safety record.

What Health and Safety standards exist for the transport of CO₂?

The UK is currently amending the Pipeline Safety Regulations to incorporate safety standards for CO₂ pipelines. The HSE is also expected to develop health and safety standards for capturing, transporting & storing CO₂.

How long will pipelines be in the UK?

The length of pipelines required in the UK is hard to predict. It depends on the projects that evolve, where they are and their proximity to storage sites. A number of studies have been carried out to examine this issue. The aim of industry is to maximise the usage of pipelines so that as few pipelines need to be laid as possible, thus minimising disruption and, over time, providing better value for money. A recent study by CO₂ Europipe proposed that the UK could require 1280 to 2020 km of new pipelines.

What does a pipeline look like?

In the UK, pipelines are typically not visible as most are buried. The largest visual impact is during construction; however strict rules require the environment to be re-instated post construction; effective planning will allow even the temporary effects of pipe-laying to be minimised.

During operation the pipeline is only visible by discreet pipeline markers and by small “block valve stations”, there to facilitate maintenance and to provide additional safety.